Imikhiqizo Yezinto Zengilazi: Inezimpande ezijulile empilweni yansuku zonke ukukhombisa ubuhle, iprakthiza imiqondo eluhlaza ukuze iqale uhambo olusha.
Kwadalwa ngo 03.11
Imikhiqizo Yezinkomishi Zengilazi: Ingqamuzana Egcwele Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke Ukukhombisa Ubuchule, Ukusebenzisa Imibono Eluhlaza Ukuze Uqale Uhambo Olusha
Esikhathini samanje lapho ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kanye necebo le-"Dual Carbon" kuhlanganiswe kakhulu, imboni yezinto zengilazi yansuku zonke ingena esikhathini segolide sokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu. Phakathi kwalezi zinto, izinkomishi zengilazi, njengesigaba esihlobene kakhulu nempilo yansuku zonke yabantu, zisebenzisa izici zazo ezihlukile zomkhiqizo ukukhombisa ubuhle obungenakubuyiselwa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene njengekhaya, ihhovisi, nokudlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nezinga lokujikeleza kwezinsiza kanye nokuncishiswa kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephansi, zibonisa amandla aqinile okuthuthukiswa okuluhlaza. Kusukela enkomishini yamanzi afudumele etafuleni lokudla kwasekuseni kuya enkomishini yetiye elishisayo ehhovisi, nasesiphuzo ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngaphandle, izinkomishi zengilazi kudala zadlula isici esilula "sesitsha" ukuze zibe yindlela ebalulekile yokuthwala indlela yokuphila enempilo kanye nemiqondo eluhlaza. Lesi sihloko sizohlaziya kabanzi ubuhle nezinzuzo eziluhlaza zemikhiqizo yezinkomishi zengilazi empilweni yansuku zonke, sichaze ukuthi ziqhuba kanjani ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kwemvelo yezinto ezibonakalayo ngenkathi ihlangabezana nezidingo zokuphila kwekhwalithi ephezulu zabantu.
I. Ukucwilisa Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke: Izinzuzo Eziphakeme Izinkomishi Zeglasi Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke
Njengenye yezinto zokusebenzisa zasendlini ezihambisane nabantu isikhathi eside kakhulu, izinkomishi zeglasi ziye zakwazi ukuhlala ziqine emakethe naphezu kwezinguquko zezikhathi. Isizathu esiyinhloko sitholakala ekusebenzeni kwazo okuhle kakhulu ekuvikelekeni kwezempilo, ezimeni ezingasetshenziswa kuzo, okuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi, nokuthungwa kobuhle. Ngayinye yalezi zinzuzo ihambisana ngqo nokufuna kwabantu banamuhla ukuphila okusezingeni eliphezulu, okwenza zibe izinto ezingenasidingo zansuku zonke.
(I) Impilo Nokuphepha: Ukusungula Umugqa Owuphansi Wokuphila Okusezingeni Eliphezulu
Phakathi kwezinto zonke ezisetshenziselwa izinkomishi zansuku zonke, izinkomishi zengilazi zibhekwa njengesibonelo sokuphepha kwezempilo, okuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi kungani ziyisinqumo sokuqala sezindawo zasekhaya, ukunakekelwa kwezingane, nezingane, kanye nezinga lokudlela. Ingilazi iyinto engokwemvelo engena-crystalline eyenziwa ngokuncibilikisa nokupholisa izinto ezingokwemvelo ezingokwemvelo ezingokwemvelo njengesihlabathi se-quartz esemvelo, i-soda ash, ne-calcite ku-1500°C. Izakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali zizinzile kakhulu, isakhiwo sayo siqinile futhi asina mizila, futhi ayinawo amakhemikhali angokwemvelo. Ayikhiqizi ama-electron wamahhala noma ama-electron alula ukujabulisa, inamandla amakhulu okungazinzisi kanye nezakhiwo zokuvimbela. Ayihlangani ngokwemvelo nezinhlobonhlobo zeziphuzo - noma ngabe amanzi ashisayo, itiye, ikhofi, ijusi, noma iziphuzo ezine-acidic nezine-alkaline - iqeda amathuba okuthi izinto eziyingozi ziqhamuke emthonjeni.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkomishi zepulasitiki ezingakhulula izinto ezithambisa ipulasitiki namatshe asindayo, izinkomishi zensimbi engagqwali ezingakhulula ama-ion ensimbi ngokusebenzisa isikhathi eside, nezinkomishi zeceramic ezimhlophe zingaba nezinto eziyingozi njengomthofu ne-cadmium, ukuphepha kwezinkomishi zengilazi kuqinisekiswe yizindinganiso zemboni kanye nemikhuba yemakethe. Ngokwe-"National Food Safety Standard for Glassware" (GB 4806.5-2016), umkhawulo wokudluliselwa komthofu ezinkomishini zengilazi kufanele ube ngu-≤0.5 mg/kg, nomkhawulo wokudluliselwa kwe-cadmium kufanele ube ngu-≤0.05 mg/kg. Ezinkomishini zengilazi ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezi-high-borosilicate, ukudluliselwa kwezinto eziyingozi akubalulekile. I-China Daily Glassware Association ichaza ngokucacile ukuthi izinkomishi zengilazi azinawo amakhemikhali e-organic, ngakho-ke akukho sidingo sokukhathazeka ngokudluliselwa kwamakhemikhali ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo ebushelelezi elula ukuyihlanza, yenza kube yikho okwenza kube okunempilo kakhulu ukuphuza amanzi neziphuzo ezahlukene, kufanele kusetshenziswe abantu abadala, izingane, nabesifazane abakhulelwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungabi nephunga kwezinkomishi zengilazi kuyaqhubeka nokuphakamisa umuzwa womsebenzisi. Noma ngabe ubambe amanzi ashisayo noma iziphuzo ezibandayo, azimuncwa ukunambitheka kokuphuza noma ukukhulula amaphunga azo, zigcina ukunambitheka kwangempela ngezinga elikhulu futhi zivumela abantu ukuthi bazizwele ukunambitheka okumsulwa kakhulu. Lesi sici sezempilo nokuphepha senza zithandwe kakhulu ezindaweni zikama-mame nezingane, lapho abazali abaningi bekhetha izinkomishi zengilazi ezinsaneni ukuze bagweme ubungozi bezempilo obungase buhambisane nezinto zepulasitiki. Embonini yokudlela, izindawo zokudlela eziphakeme namakhefi nazo zisebenzisa izinkomishi zengilazi ukunikeza iziphuzo, ziqinisekisa ukuphepha kokudla kwamakhasimende ngenkathi kugqanyiswa ukufuna komkhiqizo kwekhwalithi.
(II) Ukumelana Nokushisa Nokubanda, Okufanele Izimo Zokuphila Ezihlukahlukene
Elinye inzuzo enkulu yezinkomishi zengilazi ukumelana kwazo kahle nokushisa abandayo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezenziwe ngengilazi ye-high-borosilicate, ephula imingcele yokushisa ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zokusebenzisa kuzo zonke izimo kusuka ekhaya kuya ngaphandle. Izinkomishi zengilazi ye-High-borosilicate zinezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokunweba ngenxa yokushisa, ezikwazi ukubekezelela umehluko omkhulu wokushisa kusuka ku- -20°C kuye ku-150°C. Noma ngabe uthela amanzi abilayo ngqo, uphuza itiye elishisayo noma ikhofi, noma ubamba amanzi aqhwaqhwa noma iziphuzo ezibandayo, ngeke ziqhekeke noma zishintshe umumo, zithuthukisa kakhulu ukuphepha kokusebenzisa.
Ezimweni zasemakhaya, amakomishi engilazi angahlangabezana nezidingo zokusetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezahlukene zosuku: sebenzisa ukukha amakhomishi amabili omhluzi noma ubisi lwe-soya ekuseni ukuze uqale usuku oluphilayo; khahlela ikomishi ye-herbal tea noma ikhofi ntambama ukuze ujabulele isikhathi sokuphumula; futhi ubambe amanzi afudumele ebusuku ukuze kube lula ukuphuza uma uvuka. Ukuhlanzeka kwawo kuvumela abantu ukuthi babone kahle umbala wempahla; kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuwukuhlanzeka kwe-tea, ubuningi be-khofi, noma ukukhanya kwejusi yezithelo, kuboniswa ngokuqondile, kwengeza enjabulo yokuphuza. Ezimweni zehhovisi, amakomishi engilazi alula futhi kulula ukuwathwala, futhi angabekwa ngqo etafuleni. Angabamba amanzi ashisa ukuze akhulule ukukhathala emsebenzini, noma asetshenziswe namabhakede e-tea kanye nama-capsules e-khofi, ahlanganisa ukusebenza kahle nokukhululeka.
Ezindaweni zangaphandle, amakomishi e-high-borosilicate agqokekayo abe ukukhetha okuqala kwabathandi bezemidlalo zangaphandle ngenxa yokumelana kwawo nokushisa nokubanda kanye nezici zokuvikela ukuvuza. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uphisa iziphuzo ezishisayo ukuze uvikele ubanda ngesikhathi sokukhempa noma ubamba amanzi abandayo ukuze ubuyise amanzi ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca, angabhekana kalula. Amanye amakomishi e-glass angaphandle aphinde ahlinzekwe ngama-sleeves akwazi ukumelana nokushisa kanye nezihlungi ze-tea ezihlukile, okwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakomishi e-glass afaneleka ukufudunyezwa emshinini wokufudumeza nokugcina efrijini. Ngaphandle kokushintsha iziqukathi, iziphuzo zingafudunyezwa futhi zigcinwe efrijini, kulula ukwenza izinqubo zokusebenza zansuku zonke futhi zifaneleka ngendlela yesimanje yokuphila esheshayo.
Le ndlela yokuzivumelanisa enobubanzi ezimeni ayihlukani nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ingilazi. Ngokusho kwezidingo ze "Izimo Ezijwayelekile Zemboni Yengilazi Yansuku zonke (Uhlelo Lwama-2023)", izitofu zokuncibilikisa ingilazi kumele zisebenzise ubuchwepheshe bokulawula izinga lokushisa obunembile, obunembile bokulawula izinga lokushisa lokuncibilikisa obungu-±3°C kanye nokulawula izinga lokushisa kwefurnace yokuhlola obungu-±2°C, kuqinisekiswe ukumelana kokushisa okuhle kwezingilazi. Okwamanje, amakomishi engilazi aphezulu e-borosilicate akhiqizwa yizinkampani ezihamba phambili zendawo adlula ekwelashweni okuqinile kokuhlola, okukhawulela ngempumelelo ingcindezi yangaphakathi futhi kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nokushayisana. Ngisho noma kwenzeka ukuthi kuthinteka kancane, awaphukile kalula, okwandisa kakhulu izimo zokusetshenziswa kwawo.
(3) Kulula Ukuhlanza Futhi Kuyaqina, Ukunciphisa Izindleko Zokusebenzisa Hla
Umphezulu wezinkomishi zengilazi uhlelekile futhi uqinile, uvimbela ukuhlanganiswa kothuli, izikhumba, nezithako. Le mfuneko yenza kube lula kakhulu ukuzihlanza; akudingeki amathuluzi ahlanzayo anzima—ukugeza ngamanzi kuphela kungasusa izikhumba zetiyi, izikhumba zekhofi, nezinye izinsalela. Ukuze kususwe izikhumba eziqinile, inani elincane lesipho sokuhlanza izitsha kanye nokuhlanza okuthambile kuhlelekile ukuze kubuyiswe ukujula nokuhlanzeka. Ngokwehlukile ezinkomishini zeplastiki noma ze-ceramic, izinkomishi zengilazi azithathi izikhumba, okwenza kube lula ukuzihlanza, futhi azigcini amagciwane, kuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okuhlanzekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqina kwamakhandlela engilazi kudlula kakhulu lokho kwamakhandlela okwenziwa ngempahla yokuphonsa kanye namakhandlela epulasitiki. Ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile, amakhandlela engilazi awaguguli, awashintshi umbala, noma awagqokeki kalula, anezimpilo eziphakathi kweminyaka embalwa kuya eminyakeni engaphezu kweyishumi. Ngokuphambene, amakhandlela ephepha okuphonsa kanye namakhandlela epulasitiki avame ukuphonswa ngemva kokusetshenziswa okukodwa, okwandisa izindleko zansuku zonke futhi kuholela ekuchithweni kwezinsiza. Ngokuthatha ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya njengomfanekiso, ikhandlela elilodwa lengilazi lingashintsha izinkulungwane zamakhandlela ephepha okuphonsa. Ngaphezu kwesikhathi eside, lokhu kugcina imali futhi kunciphisa ukuchithwa, kuhlanganisa umnotho nokuhlonipha imvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlala isikhathi eside kwamakhandlela eglaszi kubonakala ekumelaneni kwawo nokugqwala nokugqokwa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyiphunga leziqhamo ezinamafutha, itiye elinokhukhamba, noma iziphuzo ezine-alcohol, akukho okuzokwenza ukuthi ubuso beglasi bugqame. Ukuphazamiseka okuncane ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke ngeke kube nomthelela ekubhaleni noma ekunciphiseni, futhi ikhandlela ligcina ukukhanya kwalo nokukhanya kwalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuhlala isikhathi eside kwenza amakhandlela eglaszi afaneleka hhayi kuphela ekusetshenzisweni komuntu siqu nsuku zonke kodwa futhi nasekusetshenzisweni okukhulu ezindaweni zokuhweba ezifana nezindawo zokudlela nezihotela, kunciphisa izindleko zokushintsha futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko.
(IV) Ukuthungwa Okukhethekile, Kubonisa Ubuhle Bezinga Lokuphila
Ngokwenyuka kokusetshenziswa, isidingo sabantu ngezinsiza zokuphuza asisagcini kuphela ekusebenzeni; bafuna ukuthuthukiswa okubili kokubukeka nokuqina. Amakhandlela engilazi ahlangabezana kahle nalolu sizo. Ingilazi uqobo inezici zokucaca nokukhanya. Ngaphansi kokukhanya, ikhipha ukukhanya okucacile, inezici zokukhanya kwemvelo. Ngaphandle kokuhlobisa okwakhiwe, ingakhombisa isitayela esilula nesihloniphekile, ngezindlela ezahlukene zokuhlobisa ikhaya—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyisitayela esilula seNordic, imithi yemvelo yaseJapane, yesiko laseShayina, noma izitayela zesimanje zokukhanya. Amakhandlela engilazi angahlanganiswa kahle futhi abe yisithako sokugcina sokuhlobisa.
Namuhla, umklamo wezinkomishi zengilazi usuvuke izindlela eziningi. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchule obusha kanye nokuthuthukiswa komklamo, izinkampani zethule imikhiqizo enezimo ezahlukahlukene nezitayela ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zobuhle zamaqembu ahlukahlukene. Izinkomishi zengilazi ezilula zinezici ezibushelelezi kanye nezimo ezilula, ezifanele labo abafuna indlela yokuphila elula; izinkomishi zengilazi ezinamabhande zilinganisa ukusebenza kahle nobuhle, okwenza kube lula ukuzibamba futhi zilungele ukusetshenziswa ekhaya nasemahhovisi; izinkomishi zengilazi ezinamakhava zinomsebenzi omuhle wokubopha ukuze kuvinjwe uthuli nezinto zangaphandle ukuba zingangeni, okwenza zilungele ukuthwalwa ngaphandle. Ezinye izinkampani zihlanganise amaphethini endabuko kanye nobuchwepheshe bamasiko angabonakali emiklameni yezinkomishi zengilazi, zethula imikhiqizo yesitayela esithi "Guochao". Le mikhiqizo igcina ukuthambekela okucacile kwengilazi ngenkathi yengeza ukujula kwamasiko izinto ezithandwa kakhulu abantu abasha.
Emakethe aphezulu, izinkomishi zengilazi eziphukwe ngesandla sezibe uphawu lokuphila okuhle. Ngokuncika emakhonweni abaculi abanekhono, inqubo yokuphuka ngesandla idala izimo nokuthungwa okuyingqayizivele. Inkomishi ngayinye inokwehlukana okuncane, inokusebenza kanye nenani lobuciko. Zingasebenza hhayi njengezinto zansuku zonke kuphela kodwa futhi njengezinto zokuhlobisa zokuqoqa, zigqamise ukunambitheka nesitayela somsebenzisi. Imininingwane evela kuChina Research Network ibonisa ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinkampani ezihamba phambili ziye zakhuphula izinkomishi zengilazi kusuka emikhiqizweni esebenzayo zaba izimpawu zesitayela ngokubambisana kwe-IP kanye nobudlelwano nabaklami. Izitayela eziphezulu nezobuhle sezibe izindlela ezibalulekile zentuthuko embonini.
II. Ukunika Amandla Ukuvikelwa Kwemvelo: Izinzuzo Zokuthuthukiswa Okuluhlaza Kwezinkomishi Zengilazi
Emva kwesizinda sokujula kwamasu "e-Dual Carbon" kanye nokukhuthazwa komhlaba wonke kokuphila ngendlela esimeme, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo okuluhlaza kube yisivumelwano sokuthuthukiswa kuzo zonke izimboni, futhi imboni yezinto zengilazi yansuku zonke ayihlukile. Ngokusebenzisa izici zayo ezingasetshenziswa kabusha, ezinemisebe ephansi, nokunciphisa ukungcola, izinkomishi zengilazi zibonisa izinzuzo ezibalulekile ekukhiqizeni okuluhlaza, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, nasekuvikelweni kwemvelo. Zisebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokusebenzisa umnotho oyindilinga nokukhuthaza ukuphila okune-carbon ephansi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezigaba ezifana nezinkomishi sepulasitiki nezinkomishi zamaphepha ezilahlwayo, izinzuzo zazo eziluhlaza zivelele kakhulu, zifaka umfutho omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni okuzinzile kwemvelo yezinto eziphilayo.
(I) Ukuvuselelwa Okungapheli Nokuvuselelwa Kabusha, Ukufeza Ukusetshenziswa Okusebenzayo Kwezinsiza
Ingilazi ingenye yezinto ezimbalwa ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke ezingasetshenziswa kabusha ngokungenamkhawulo ngaphandle kokudilika kokusebenza noma kwekhwalithi ngesikhathi senqubo; lesi yisona sici esiyinhloko esiluhlaza sezinkomishi zengilazi. Ngemuva kokuthi izinkomishi zengilazi sezilahlwe, zidlula ezinqubweni ezifana nokuchotshozwa, ukuhlungwa, nokuhlanza ukuze zibe ama-cullet (igama lomkhakha), ancibilikiswa kabusha ukuze kukhiqizwe izinkomishi zengilazi ezintsha sha noma eminye imikhiqizo yengilazi. Lokhu kufeza umjikelezo ovaliwe "wezinsiza—umkhiqizo—imfucuza—ukuvuselelwa—umkhiqizo omusha," kunciphisa imfucuza yezinsiza lapho ivela khona.
Idatha yezimboni ibonisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa u-10% we-cullet ekhiqizwe kabusha ekukhiqizeni kusindisa u-3% wamandla futhi kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 ngo-5%, kuyilapho futhi kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinsiza zemaminerali eziyinhloko njengesihlabathi se-quartz nesoda ash. I-"Regulatory Conditions for the Daily Glassware Industry (2023 Edition)" ikhuthaza ngokusobala izinkampani ukuthi zisebenzise i-glass cullet ehlangabezana nezimfuneko zekhwalithi ezijwayelekile zezwe ezithi "Classification and Code of Waste Glass" (GB/T 36577), ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa isabelo se-cullet esetshenzisiwe. Njengamanje, izinga lokuhlanganisa i-cullet ezinkampanini ezikhiqiza ingilazi eluhlaza ezingaphakathi kwezwe selifinyelele ngaphezu kuka-60%, nezinye izinkampani ezihamba phambili ezifinyelela ku-80%, zithola imiphumela ebalulekile yokunciphisa i-carbon.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto ezifana nepulasitiki nephepha, ukugaywa kabusha kwengilazi kunezinhloso ezingenakubuyekezwa: ipulasitiki egaywe kabusha ingasetshenziswa kuphela ukwenza izinto ezisezingeni eliphansi futhi ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo esezingeni elifanayo; iphepha linawo imijikelezo yokugaywa kabusha, ngokuvamile izikhathi ezi-3-4 kuphela, namandla efayibha ancipha njalo; kanti ukugaywa kabusha kwengilazi akunamkhawulo. Ngemuva kokucubungula, ingilazi egaywe kabusha ingakwazi ukufaka ngokuphelele izinto zokusetshenziswa ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo esezingeni elifanayo njengengilazi entsha, ngempela ukufeza ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza okusebenzayo. Ucwaningo lokuhlola umjikelezo wempilo ezitsheni zengilazi e-Italy lubonisa ukuthi izitsha zengilazi ezingasetshenziswa kabusha zinomthelela omubi kakhulu emvelweni kunezipakethe ezilahlwayo ngemuva kwemijikelezo eminingi, ngezinzuzo zemvelo eziba zicace kakhulu lapho zisetshenziswa endaweni ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezingama-25.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-China ithuthukise kancane kancane uhlelo lwayo lokusebenzisa kabusha ingilazi eyonakele. Imizi eminingi isungule izindawo zokuqoqa ingilazi eyonakele, futhi izinkampani zethule imisebenzi "yokushintshana" ukukhuthaza abathengi ukuthi babuyisele ngokuzithandela izinkomishi zengilazi ezilahliwe, okuphinde kuthuthukise izinga lokusebenzisa kabusha nokusebenzisa ingilazi eyonakele. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kohlelo lokusebenzisa kabusha, uchungechunge lokusebenzisa kabusha izinkomishi zengilazi luzoba bushelelezi, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokusebenzisa izinsiza kuzokwanda kakhulu, kunikeze ukwesekwa okuqinile ekuthuthukisweni komnotho oyindilinga.
(II) Ukuthuthukisa Ukukhiqiza Okungenawo Ikhabhoni Ukunciphisa Ukukhishwa Kwemvelo Esikhathini Esithile
Ngokuqhubeka kokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obuluhlaza, inqubo yokukhiqiza izinkomishi zengilazi kancane kancane iyathola ukungenawo ikhabhoni nokuhlanzeka. Kusukela ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezisetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nezinqubo zokuncibilikisa kuze kube izigaba zokucubungula, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya kuncishiswa njalo, kufezekisa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo okuluhlaza kuyo yonke imijikelezo yokuphila.
Esigabeni sokwakhiwa kwezinto, amabhizinisi athuthukisa amafomula ukuze anciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zemaminerali eziyisisekelo futhi wandise ingxenye yezinto eziphinde zisetshenziswe ngokusebenzisa izinto ezisiza ezingena-arsenic, ezingen-antimony, nezingena-lead ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kokungcolisa emthonjeni. "Izimo Ezisemthethweni Zemboni Yengilazi Yansuku zonke (Uhlelo Lonyaka ka-2023)" iqinisa ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha ezilimazayo nezokweseka ezifana ne-arsenic emhlophe, i-antimony trioxide, i-chrome slag, izinto ezine-lead, i-cadmium-cong, nezinto ezine-fluorine (ukuhlukanisa zonke izithando zokushisa ezisebenza ngogesi), kukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa okuluhlaza kwezinto zokwakha. Isibonelo, ekukhiqizeni kwamabhizinisi aphezulu e-borosilicate, athatha amafomula angena-lead ukuze abuyisele ingilazi ye-crystal evamile enelead, eqinisekisa ukuphepha komkhiqizo ngenkathi kuncishiswa ukungcoliswa kwe-lead.
Esigabeni sokuncibilika, amabhizinisi aqhubeka nokukhipha izikhukhula ezivamile ezihlanganisiwe futhi akhuthaza izikhukhula ezonga amandla nezihlanzekile ezifana nokuncibilika okuphelele kwe-elekthronikhi, ukuncibilika okuphakanyisiwe kwe-elekthronikhi, kanye nokushiswa kwe-oyela okuphelele. Ubuchwepheshe bokushiswa kwe-oyela okuphelele busebenzisa umoya opholile njenge-oxidizer, kuholela ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nokwanda kwe-15%-20% ekuphumeleleni kokuncibilika kweglasi. Buphinde bunciphise ukukhishwa kwe-nitrogen oxide (NOx) ngaphezu kwama-80%, bunciphisa kakhulu ivolumu ye-gas ye-flue, futhi kwenza kube lula ukuvuselela ukushisa okuphuma. Izikhukhula zokuncibilika okuphelele kwe-elekthronikhi zikhulula ngokuphelele igesi necoal, zishisa ngqo nge-elekthronikhi ukuze zifeze ukukhishwa okungama-zero esigabeni sokuncibilika. Izikhukhula zokuncibilika kwe-elekthronikhi ezihlanganisiwe (isb. 60% ukushisa kwe-elekthronikhi 40% uphethiloli) njengamanje yisixazululo esijwayelekile sokudlulela phambili, sinciphisa ukukhishwa ngakunye ngama-64%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhizinisi athatha ubuchwepheshe bokulawula izinga lokushisa obuhlakaniphile be-AI ukuze kulungiswe ngesikhathi sangempela paramitha ezifana nezinga lokushisa lesikhukhula sokuncibilika, ingcindezi yesikhukhula, kanye nesilinganiso se-ail ngokuqonda okungama-±3°C, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungasebenzi kahle futhi kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
Esigabeni sokucubungula ngemva kokukhiqiza, izinkampani zikhuthaza ubuchwepheshe bokwakha obulula. Ngaphansi kwemigomo yokuphakama kwamakhandlela e-glass, izinqubo zokucindezela-nokuphonsa zinciphisa ubukhulu bezindonga zamakhandlela. Ngomthamo ofanayo, amakhandlela e-glass alula anesisindo esingaphezu kuka-20% esincane kunezinkomishi zendabuko, okuhambisana nokwehla kuka-15% ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla ekukhiqizeni, kuyilapho kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngesikhathi sokuhamba nokuhambisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani zisebenzisa izinqubo zokuhlanza ngaphandle kwamanzi ukuze zishintshe indlela yendabuko yokuhlanza ingilazi ephukile, zigcine amathani angama-440,000 wamanzi ngonyaka ngama-10,000 amathani wokukhiqiza, zigweme ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphindaphindiwe okuvela ekwelashweni kwamanzi angcolile. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokubuyisa ukushisa okuphuma emoyeni ophakeme ongu-400-500°C okukhishwa ezitsheni, kusetshenziswa ukuze kuqale umoya wokushisa noma kukhiqizwe ithusi lokukhiqiza amandla, kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwamandla.
Ngokwedatha evela ku-China Daily Glass Association, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele ngeyunithi yabakhiqizi bezinkomishi zengilazi zasekhaya kwehle yaba ngaphansi kuka-0.35 tce/ton yemikhiqizo yengilazi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele ngeyunithi yomkhiqizo we-electric melting kiln kungaze kube ngaphansi kuka-0.25 tce/ton, yehla kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezijwayelekile. Lokhu kubonisa ukusebenza kahle okumangalisayo ekunciphiseni i-carbon futhi kuhambisana nezidingo zesistimu ye-"Dual Carbon".
(III) Ukubuyisela Izinto Ezisetshenziswa Kanye Ukunciphisa Ukungcola Okumhlophe
Ngokuqhubeka kwezinqubomgomo zomhlaba wonke "zokunciphisa upulasitiki kanye nokuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kanye", ukusetshenziswa kwezinkomishi zamaphepha nezipulasitiki okuyizinto ezingasetshenziswa futhi zilahlwe kukhawulwa kakhulu. Njengeziqukathi ezingasetshenziswa futhi, izinkomishi zengilazi seziyizindlela ezinhle kakhulu kwezinto ezingasetshenziswa kanye, kunciphisa ukungcola okumhlophe ngempumelelo futhi kunciphisa umthwalo emvelweni.
Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwamakhompyutha ephepha neplastiki kuyimbangela ebalulekile yokungcoliswa okukhanyayo. Izindonga zangaphakathi zamakhompyutha ephepha ezisetshenziswayo ngokuvamile zifakwe ngeplastiki, okwenza zingabi ne-biodegradable futhi zibe nzima ukuhluza; ukulahleka kwazo okukhulu kungcolisa umhlabathi nezinsiza zamanzi. Amakhompyutha epulasitiki akhard kakhulu ukuhluza, anezikhathi zokuphuka ezihlala amajuba eminyaka, akha ama-microplastics angcolisa imvelo futhi abeke engozini impilo yezilwane nezitshalo. Ngokuphambene, ikomishi elilodwa le-glass lingasetshenziswa kabili izinkulungwane zezigidi, likhupha izinkulungwane zamakhompyutha ephepha noma epulasitiki, kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemfucumfucu emthonjeni futhi kunciphisa ingcindezi yokungcoliswa okukhanyayo.
Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkomishi zephepha ezisetshenziswayo, izinkomishi zengilazi eziphindaphindwayo zinefuthe lokushintsha kwesimo sezulu elingu-1/4 kuphela kwalokhu kwezinkomishi zephepha ezisetshenziswayo uma zisetshenziswa izikhathi eziyi-250 ngonyaka. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkomishi zeplastiki, izinkomishi zengilazi zinezimali eziphansi zokusebenzisa isikhathi eside futhi azikhiqizi ukungcoliswa kwe-microplastic. Namuhla, abathengi abaningi baphinde baphikisa izinto ezisetshenziswa kanye kuphela futhi bakhetha izitsha eziphindaphindwayo ezifana nezinkomishi zengilazi. Izinkampani eziningi zokudla nezikhefi ziqalile imikhankaso yokuthi "uthole izaphulelo uma uletha inkomishi yakho" ukuze kukhuthazwe ukusetshenziswa kwezitho eziphindaphindwayo ezifana nezinkomishi zengilazi nezensimbi engagqwali, okwandisa imizamo yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kweplastiki.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukupakishwa kwamakhandlela engilazi nakho kuyaphumelela ekuthuthukisweni okuluhlaza. Ngokwezidingo ze "Izimo Ezijwayelekile Zemboni Yengilazi Yansuku zonke (Uhlelo Lwama-2023)," izinto zengilazi kufanele zisebenzise izindlela ezifanele zokupakisha ezifana namapallets namakhaladi, kuncishiswe izikhwama zejute nezikhwama zokwenziwa ukuze kuncishiswe udoti lokupakisha. Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzisa amakhaladi angaphenduki abe udoti nezinto zokupakisha eziluhlaza ukuze ziqinise ukupakishwa okuluhlaza, zandisele izici eziluhlaza zamakhandlela engilazi futhi zifeze ukuvikelwa kwemvelo okuphelele kwe "ukupakishwa komkhiqizo."
(IV) Ukubola Okungelona Ushevu, Okungenangozi, Nokunciphisa Umthwalo Wemvelo
Izinkomishi zengilazi azinawo umthelela omubi emvelweni hhayi kuphela ekusebenziseni nasekuvuseleleni kodwa futhi azibangeli ukungcola emvelweni uma zilahlwa futhi zingavuselelwa, okuyinto ebonisa kakhulu izinzuzo zazo eziluhlaza. Ingilazi iyinto engaphili; lapho ilahlwa, ayihlakani ibe izinto eziyingozi, futhi ayingcolisi umhlabathi, imithombo yamanzi, noma umoya, futhi ayikhiqizi ama-microplastics, ayinabungozi emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu.
Ngokungafani nezinto eziphilayo njengama-plastiki nerabara, ingilazi ingahlala isikhathi eside endaweni yemvelo ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo. Ngisho nangemva kokuchayeka isikhathi eside emoyeni, iwohlokela ibe yizinhlayiya ezincane zengilazi futhi ayikhiqizi izinto ezinobuthi. Ngokuphambene, ama-plastiki alahlwayowohlokela abe izinto ezilimazayo njengama-plasticizer namatshe asindayo, enza umhlaba nemithombo yamanzi ungcola; izinkomishi zamaphepha ezilahlwayo zinezingqimba zama-plastiki okunzima ukuzilimaza, futhi ukuqoqeka kwazo isikhathi eside kungacekelwa phansi isakhiwo somhlabathi. Uma siqhathanisa, ngisho nalapho zilahlwa, izinkomishi zengilazi aziba umthwalo emvelweni futhi kungenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke ezihambisana nemvelo kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwezinkomishi zengilazi, akukho gesi eliyingozi noma elilimazayo, amanzi angcolile, noma imfucumfucu (i-furnace slag elahlwa ngokufanele) ekhiqizwayo. Ngemuva kokwelashwa kwemvelo, ukukhishwa kukagesi okungcolile kuhambisana ngokugcwele nezidingo ze-"Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Daily Glass Industry" (GB 26453-2022), lapho ukukhishwa kwezinhlayiyana kungaphansi noma kungalingani no-30 mg/m³ (okuhleliwe), ukukhishwa kwe-NOₓ kungaphansi noma kungalingani no-500 mg/m³ (kungaphansi noma kungalingani no-100 mg/m³ ekushisweni okuphelele komoyampilo), nokukhishwa kwe-SO₂ kungaphansi noma kungalingani no-200 mg/m³. Amanzi angcolile akhiqizwayo afinyelela ekungabikho kokukhishwa, lapho amanzi okuhlanza esetshenziswa kabusha ngokuvaleka kwesekethe futhi isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kabusha singaphezu noma singalingani no-95%. Phakathi kwemfucumfucu eqinile, ingilazi eyimfucumfucu ibuyiselwa emuva ngo-100%, kanti i-furnace slag nothuli oluqoqwe othulini lungasetshenziswa ngokuphelele (ezintweni zokwakha), lapho isilinganiso sokulahlwa singaphansi noma singalingani no-5%. Lokhu kukufeza ngempela ukukhiqizwa okuhlanzekile futhi kunciphisa umthwalo kwimvelo.
III. Amathrendi Asekelayo: Amathuba Amakhulu Okuthuthukiswa Okuluhlaza Embonini Yezinkomishi Zengilazi
Ngokuqhubeka kokuthuthukiswa kokuqwashisa ngempilo yomphakathi neyemvelo, kanye nesiqondiso sezimiso nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, izinzuzo ezivelele nezinzuzo eziluhlaza zemikhiqizo yezinkomishi zengilazi zizoba sobala kakhulu, zivule amathuba amaningi okuthuthukiswa embonini. Njengamanje, imboni yezinkomishi zengilazi yasekhaya iyashesha ukuguqukela ekuthuthukisweni okuphezulu, okuhlakaniphile, nokuluhlaza. Izinkampani ezihamba phambili ziyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana komkhiqizo futhi zikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwezinga eliphezulu embonini ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha, ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo, nokwakhiwa kohlobo lomkhiqizo.
Ngokomthetho, "I-14th Five-Year Plan for Circular Economy Development" ifuna ngokucacile ukuthuthukisa izinga lokugaywa kabusha nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwengilazi eyimfucuza futhi ikhuthaze ushintsho oluphansi lwekhabhoni embonini yengilazi yansuku zonke. "Imithetho Yemibandela Ejwayelekile Yomkhakha Wengilazi Yansuku Zonke (Uhlelo luka-2023)" iqhubeka nokuqondisa ukukhiqizwa nokusebenza kwemboni, iqondisa izinkampani ukuthi zithuthukise ukonga amandla, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa, nokukhiqiza okuhlanzekile, kuyilapho ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo yengilazi elula, esezingeni eliphezulu, neliluhlaza. Ukwethulwa kwale mithetho kuhlinzeka ngosekelo oluqinile ekuthuthukisweni okuluhlaza komkhakha wezinkomishi zengilazi, okudala ukususwa kwamandla okukhiqiza angaphambili kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamaleveli okukhiqiza aluhlaza.
Ngokobuchwepheshe, ukuqhubeka okukhulu ezindleleni zokuhlanza i-borax ezindlini sekudabule ubunye bakwamanye amazwe kumafomula engilazi ye-high-borosilicate. Izindleko zezinto ezisetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinto sezincishiswe ngo-22%, okukhuthaze ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya nokuncishiswa kwentengo yezinkomishi zengilazi ye-high-borosilicate futhi kwashesha ukusetshenziswa kwayo kabanzi emikhakheni yansuku zonke, yokupheka, neyokwelapha. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obufana ne-AI digital twins nokuhlola okuhlakaniphile kuphinde kwathuthukisa ukukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ngenkathi kuncishiswa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezinga lamaphutha. Ukukhuthazwa kobuchwepheshe obufana nokuhlunga ingilazi eyimfucuza ngokuhlakaniphile nokugeza okomile kuphinde kwandisa izinga lokugaywa kabusha nokusetshenziswa kwengilazi eyimfucuza, okushukumisa ukuthuthukiswa komnotho oyindilinga.
Ngokwemakethe, ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kuholela imikhiqizo yezinkomishi zengilazi ukuthi ibheke ekuguqulweni okuphezulu, okusebenzayo, nokubukeka okuhle. Imikhiqizo efana nezinkomishi ezibamba ukushisa ezi-high-borosilicate, izinkomishi ezilinganisa izinga lokushisa ezihlakaniphile, nezinkomishi zengilazi zesitayela "saseGuochao" zithengiswa kahle, kanti isabelo semakethe siqhubeka nokukhuphuka. Umqondo wokusebenzisa ngokuhlanzeka usungene, uholela abathengi ukuthi bakhethe izinkomishi zengilazi ezingasetshenziswa futhi, ezinganqamuli imvelo, ezinganqamuli ukungcola, okuhola ukukhula okusheshayo kwemakethe yezinkomishi zengilazi ezihlanzekile. Ngokuphathelene nezimakethe zaphesheya kwezilwandle, kunesidingo esinamandla semikhiqizo yengilazi enganqamuli imvelo ezifundeni ezifana ne-EU ne-US. Amathuba okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ezinkomishi zengilazi ezingenawo umhlabathi, ezingenawo u-arsenic, nezingasetshenziswa kabusha amakhulu, ahlinzeka ngesikhala esikhulu semakethe ezinkampanini zasekhaya.
Isiphetho: Imikhiqizo yezinkomishi zengilazi ayiyona nje into ebalulekile yokuphila okunempilo kodwa futhi iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokusebenzisa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo okuluhlaza. Izinzuzo zayo ezivelele ekuphileni kwansuku zonke zigcwalisa ukufuna kwabantu kwekhwalithi ephezulu, elula, futhi enhle yokuphila; izinzuzo zayo eziluhlaza zihambisana necebo le-"dual carbon" nemiqondo yokuthuthukiswa okusimeme, okufaka isandla ekulawulweni kwemvelo. Ngokuqhubeka kokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bemboni, isiqondiso esiqhubekayo sezimiso, kanye nokushintsha okuqhubekayo emiqondweni yokusetshenziswa, imikhiqizo yezinkomishi zengilazi izodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa okuphindwe kabili kwekhwalithi yokuphila kanye nemvelo, futhi ivule uhambo olusha lokuthuthukiswa okuluhlaza, okunempilo, nokusimeme. Esikhathini esizayo, imboni yezinkomishi zengilazi izoqhubeka nokujulisa ukukhiqiza okuluhlaza futhi yenze izimo ezintsha zemikhiqizo, ivumele abantu abaningi ukuthi bazizwele impilo enhle eyethulwa yimikhiqizo yengilazi, ngenkathi ingeze amandla engeziwe ekusimameni kwemvelo yomhlaba.
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